Created by: CK-12/Adapted by Christine Miller
Show
- The art of protein synthesis
- transcription
- processing of mRNA
- translation
- What happens next?
- attributions
- What is the correct process of protein synthesis?
- What are the 4 steps of protein synthesis?
- What are the correct steps of the Protein Synthesis Quizlet?
- What are the 3 parts of protein synthesis?
The art of protein synthesis
This amazing work of art (Figure 5.7.1) shows a process that takes place in the cells of all living things: the production of proteins without post. This process is called, and itactually consists of two processes – and . Transcription takes place in cells. During transcription, it is used as a template to make a messenger RNA molecule. The molecule of mRNA then leaves the cell nucleus and goes to one of the where translation takes place. During translation, the genetic code in the mRNA is read and used to make a polypeptide. These two processes are summarized by the central dogma of molecular biology:→ →.
transcription
transcriptionis the first part of the central dogma of molecular biology:DNS→RNS. It is the transfer of genetic instructions in DNA to mRNA. During transcription, a strand of mRNA is made to complement a strand of DNA. You can see how this is done in Figure 5.7.2.
Transcription beginswhen the enzyme RNA polymerase binds to a region of a gene called the promoter sequence. This signals the DNA to relax so the enzyme can "read" the bases of the DNA. The two strands of DNA are named according to whether or not they are used as a template for RNA.The strand used as a template is referred to as the template strand or can also be denoted as anonsenseBeach. The base sequence on the opposite strand of DNA is called the non-coding or sense strand.Once the DNA has opened up and the RNA polymerase has attached, the RNA polymerase moves along the DNA and adds RNAnucleotides to the growing mRNA strand. The template strand of DNA is used to create mRNA through complementary base pairing. Once theThe mRNA strand is complete and detaches from the DNA. The result is a strand of mRNA that is nearly identical to the coding strand of DNA—the only difference is that DNA uses the base thymine, and the mRNA uses uracil instead of thymine
processing of mRNA
In the new version is not yet ready for translation. At this stage it is called pre-mRNA and must go through further processes before leaving the nucleus as mature mRNA. Processing can include splicing, editing, and polyadenylation. These processes modify the mRNA in various ways. Such modifications allow a single gene to be used to produce more than one protein.
- Spliceremoves introns from mRNA as shown in Figure 5.7.3.Intronsare regions that do not code for the protein. The rest of the mRNA consists only of so-called regionsExonsthatdo code for the protein. The ribonucleoproteins in the diagram are small proteins in the cell nucleus that contain RNA and are needed for the splicing process.
- editingchanges some of the nucleotides in the mRNA. For example, a human protein called APOB, which helps transport lipids in the blood, has two different shapes due to editing. One shape is smaller than the other because the editing adds an earlier stop signal in the mRNA.
- 5. Cappingadds a methylated cap to the "head" of the mRNA. This cap protects the mRNA from degradation and helps the ribosomes know where to attach the mRNA
- adds a "tail" to the mRNA. The tail consists of a series of As (adenine bases). It signals the end of the mRNA. It is also involved in the export of mRNA from the cell nucleus and protects mRNA from enzymes that might break it down.
translation
translationis the second part of the central dogma of molecular biology:RNS→Protein. It is the process of reading the genetic code to create a . The translation is shown in Figure 5.7.4. After the mRNA leaves the , it moves to a , which is made up of rRNA and proteins. The ribosome reads the sequence of the mRNA and brings the molecules in the right order to the ribosome.
Translation occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination.
Introduction:
After transcription in the nucleus, the mRNA exits through a nuclear pore and enters the cytoplasm. The small and large subunits of the ribosome bind to the mRNA at the region on the mRNA that contains the methylated cap and the start codon. This is then followed by a tRNA that contains the anticodons that match the start codon on the mRNA. This group of molecules (mRNA, ribosome, tRNA) is called the initiation complex.
Renewal:
tRNA continues to bring amino acids to the growing polypeptide according to the complementary base pairing between the codons on the mRNA and the anticodons on the tRNA. When a tRNA moves into the ribosome, its amino acid is transferred to the growing polypeptide. Once this transfer is complete, the tRNA leaves the ribosome, the ribosome moves down one codon length along the mRNA, and a new tRNA enters with its corresponding amino acid. This process repeats itself and the polypeptide grows.
termination:
At the end of the mRNA coding is a stop codon that ends the elongation stage. The stop codon doesn't require tRNA, but rather a type of protein called a release factor that causes the entire complex (mRNA, ribosome, tRNA, and polypeptide) to break apart and release all the components.
Watch this video "Protein Synthesis (Updated) with the Amoeba Sisters" to see this process in action:
Protein Synthesis (updated), Amoeba Sisters, 2018.
What happens next?
After a polypeptide chain has been synthesized, it can undergo additional processes. For example, it can adopt a folded shape due to interactions between its amino acids. It can also bind to other polypeptides or to different types of molecules, such as B. or . Many proteins migrate inwards to be modified for their specific task.7 Summary
- Protein synthesis is the process by which cells make proteins. It takes place in two phases: transcription and translation.
- Transcription is the transfer of genetic instructions in DNA to mRNA in the cell nucleus. It consists of three steps: initiation, elongation and termination. After the mRNA has been processed, it carries the instructions to a ribosome in the cytoplasm.
- Translation occurs on the ribosome, which consists of rRNA and proteins. During translation, the instructions in the mRNA are read and the tRNA brings the correct amino acid sequence to the ribosome. Then rRNA helps form bonds between the amino acids, creating a polypeptide chain.
- After a polypeptide chain has been synthesized, it can undergo additional processing to form the finished protein.
- Relating protein synthesis and its two main phases to the central dogma of molecular biology.
- Explain how mRNA is processed before it leaves the nucleus.
- What additional processes can a polypeptide chain undergo after it is synthesized?
- Where does transcription take place in eukaryotes?
- Where does the translation take place?
Proteinsynthese, Teacher's Pet, 2014.
attributions
Figure 5.7.1
How proteins are made by Nicolle Rager, National Science Foundation on Wikimedia Commons is publicly available (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain).
Figure 5.7.2
The National Human Genome Research Institute transcription (revised and vectorized by Sulai) on Wikimedia Commons is in the public domain (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain).
Figure 5.7.3
Christine Miller's pre-mRNA processing is used under license CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/).
Figure 5.7.4
Translated by CNX OpenStax on Wikimedia Commons, used under a CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0) license.
references
amoeba sisters. (2018 January 18) Protein Synthesis (updated). youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oefAI2x2CQM&feature=youtu.be
Parker, N., Schneegurt, M., Thi Tu, AH., Lister, P., Forster, B.M. (2016, November 1). Microbiology [online]. Figure 11.15 Translation in bacteria begins with the formation of the initiation complex. In Microbiology (Section 11-4). OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/microbiology/pages/11-4-protein-synthesis-translation
The teacher's pet. (2014, December 7). protein synthesis. youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2zAGAmTkZNY&feature=youtu.be
What is the correct process of protein synthesis?
Protein synthesis is the process by which cells make proteins. It occurs in two phases:transcription and translation. Transcription is the transfer of genetic instructions in DNA to mRNA in the cell nucleus. It consists of three steps: initiation, elongation and termination.
What are the 4 steps of protein synthesis?
Summary of steps in protein synthesis First, transcription transfers genetic information from DNA to mRNA via initiation, elongation, and termination. The newly created mRNA strand then leaves the cell nucleus and attaches itself to a ribosome in the cytoplasm. This is where the translation comes in.
What are the correct steps of the Protein Synthesis Quizlet?
unpack. - DNA double helix unwinds to reveal a sequence of nitrogenous bases. ... .
Transcription. A copy of one of the strands of DNA is made. ... .
Translation (initiation) mRNA pairs with ribosome and tRNA bring free amino acids to ribosomes.
Renewal. - Anticodon of tRNA recognizes codon on mRNA. ... .
Termination..
What are the 3 parts of protein synthesis?
Protein synthesis is the manufacture of proteins by cells using DNA, RNA and various enzymes. It generally includes transcriptional, translational, and post-translational events such as protein folding, modifications, and proteolysis.
FAQs
Which summary of protein synthesis is correct? ›
Replicated DNA leaves the nucleus, is transported to a ribosome, and catalyzes the polymerization of amino acids in a protein.
Which of the following is correct for protein synthesis? ›The correct option is: (b) The third base of the codon is less specific. Explanation: Genetic code shows degeneracy i.e., occurrence of more than 1 codon per amino acid. All the amino acids except methionine and tryptophan are coded by more than 1 codon.
What are the correct steps of protein synthesis quizlet? ›- Unzipping. - DNA double helix unwinds to expose a sequence of nitrogenous bases. ...
- Transcription. A copy of one of the DNA strand is made. ...
- Translation (Initiation) mRNA couples w/ ribosome & tRNA brings free amino acids to ribosomes.
- Elongation. - Anticodon of tRNA recognizes codon on mRNA. ...
- Termination.
The correct answer option is (B).
The process of synthesis of proteins according to the sequence of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) is known as translation. The process of translation is catalyzed by ribosome molecules.
Which best summarizes the process of protein synthesis? DNA unzips, resulting in the formation of two protein molecules.
What is the correct order of synthesis? ›Events in the order of synthesis of a protein: A small subunit binds to the mRNA → The activated amino acid tRNA complex attaches the initiation codon on mRNA → The large subunit attaches to the small subunit and the initiator tRNA fits in the P-site → A tRNA matches its anticodon to the codon in the A- site → A ...
Which of the following is incorrect for protein synthesis? ›EXPLANATION: Protein synthesis would not be possible without the help of messenger RNA, or mRNA and it is the molecule that carries the message contained within DNA to the ribosome. Was this answer helpful?
Which has the steps of protein synthesis in the correct order? ›- DNA uncoils for transcription (3)
- mRNA is produced in the nucleus (1)
- mRNA moves to the ribosome (6)
- Ribosome moves along the mRNA (2)
- tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome (5)
- Polypeptide is produced (4)
Answer and Explanation: The correct answer is A. The sites of protein synthesis are the mitochondria of cells.. This is not a true statement about protein synthesis.
What is the correct order of protein synthesis from start to finish? ›During translation, the genetic code in mRNA is read and used to make a protein. These two processes are summed up by the central dogma of molecular biology: DNA → RNA → Protein.
Which statement is the first step of protein synthesis *? ›
Summary. The first step of protein synthesis is transcription—the unfolding of DNA and the production of a messenger-RNA (mRNA) strand. In the second step of protein synthesis—translation—tRNA and mRNA interact to code amino acids into growing polypeptide chains.
Which of the following is the first step in protein synthesis *? ›The first step of protein synthesis is called Transcription. It occurs in the nucleus. During transcription, mRNA transcribes (copies) DNA. DNA is “unzipped” and the mRNA strand copies a strand of DNA.
What is the main point of protein synthesis? ›The purpose of protein synthesis is simply to create a polypeptide -- a protein made out of a chain of amino acids. In a hair follicle cell, a protein called keratin is made. Lots of it. Many ribosomes can be working on a single strand of mRNA at once.
Which of the following is responsible for protein synthesis *? ›The correct option is C Ribosome.
Which is correct statement about protein? ›Proteins are the most dynamic biomolecules performing a variety of structural and functional roles. The proteins have a high turn over and constantly old or worn out molecules are broken down and newer molecules are synthesized.
What is protein synthesis quizlet? ›Protein Synthesis. The process of making proteins that involves replication , transcription, and translation. rRNA. A type of RNA that associates with proteins to form ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
Which best summarizes the process of protein synthesis brainly? ›RNA moves the DNA code to the ribosomes for protein synthesis is the best way to summarize the process of protein synthesis....
Which statement is the first step of protein synthesis quizlet? ›the first step of protein synthesis that takes place in the nucleus, and is when the DNA code is transcribed into the mRNA codon, one type of a nucleic acid to another type of nucleic acid.
What are 5 stages of protein synthesis? ›The five stages are: (1) Requirement of the Components (2) Activation of Amino Acids (3) Protein Synthesis Proper (4) Chaperones and Protein Folding and (5) Post-Translational Modifications of Proteins.
What are the 4 steps of protein synthesis? ›- Transcription. Step 1: Initiation. Step 2: Promoter escape. Step 3: Elongation. Step 4: Termination.
- Translation.
What are the steps in the synthesis process? ›
- Read your sources several times. First, read every article, chapter or other source multiple times with different purposes for each read. ...
- Take organized notes on every source. ...
- Identify relevant concepts and supporting sources. ...
- Restructure your notes by concept. ...
- Organize concepts into an outline.
The mRNA produced enters the cytosol where translation happens. This process does not directly lead to protein synthesis.
What are examples of errors in protein synthesis? ›Besides amino-acid misincorporations, sources of errors are transcription errors, aberrant splicing, premature termination, faulty posttranslational modifications, and kinetic missteps during folding (Figure 1).
Which of the following statement is incorrect for every protein there is a gene? ›Hormone and enzymes are made up of proteins and the formation of any particular protein Is also controlled by a particular gene. But fat formation does not depend on gene. Every, protein enzymes and hormones are controlled by specific gene whereas fats are not controlled by gene hence option d is a wrong statement.
What are the three main stages of protein synthesis quizlet? ›It is divided into three stages called initiation, elongation, and termination. This is the first stage of translation (i.e. protein synthesis) when all the necessary parts assemble together. It is when mRNA is sandwiched between the two sub-units of a ribosome and a tRNA brings an amino acid to the start codon (AUG).
Which statement about protein is incorrect? ›Statement IV is incorrect because, proteins are naturally synthesized starting from the N-terminus and ending at the C-terminus. Therefore conventionally, the first amino acid in a polypeptide chain is N- terminal amino acid and the last is the C- terminal amino acid.
Which functions in protein synthesis quizlet? ›Ribosomes play a key role in synthesis of proteins.
What is the site of protein synthesis in the cell quizlet? ›1. Ribosomes are the place where Protein Synthesis takes place. 2. In the Ribosome, the mRNA, tRNA, and Amino Acids meet to form a Protein.
What is protein synthesis process also known as? ›Protein synthesis in living cells is also called as translation. It is the process of synthesizing a protein from an mRNA template.
What is the process of protein synthesis simple? ›Protein synthesis(translation) is the production of a polymer of a chain of amino acids which produces a functioning protein. It involves reading the information from mRNA (messenger RNA) to put together a chain of amino acids. Ribosomes are the structures that synthesize the protein chain.
How does protein synthesis begin quizlet? ›
The first stage of protein synthesis where the information on a section of DNA (a gene) is copied by making a mRNA molecule from the DNA. What is C? It takes the information in a gene from the nucleus to a ribosome in the cytoplasm.
What are the two steps of protein synthesis quizlet? ›- TRANSCRIPTION. ...
- The mRNA leaves the NUCLEUS and travels through the CYTOPLASM to the RIBOSOME.
- TRANSLATION (part 1) ...
- TRANSLATION (part 2) tRNA brings the correct amino acid from the CYTOPLASM to the RIBOSOME.
Three major components in protein synthesis are mRNA, ribosomes and tRNA. 4. The mRNA code is read in the 5' to 3' direction, and the protein is synthesized from the amino or N terminus to the carboxyl or C terminus.
What are proteins question answer? ›A protein is a naturally occurring, extremely complex substance that consists of amino acid residues joined by peptide bonds. Proteins are present in all living organisms and include many essential biological compounds such as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies.
Which of the following statement is correct all proteins are enzymes? ›Assertion :All enzymes are proteins, but all proteins are not enzymes. Reason: Enzymes are biocatalysts and possess a stable configuration ration having active sites.
What is the correct function of proteins *? ›It helps repair and build your body's tissues, allows metabolic reactions to take place and coordinates bodily functions. In addition to providing your body with a structural framework, proteins also maintain proper pH and fluid balance.
Which is the most correct sequence for protein synthesis? ›The correct sequence of events for protein synthesis is: DNA-mRNA-ribosome-tRNA-amino acid.
What is the most accurate statement concerning protein synthesis in cells? ›Which is the most accurate statement concerning protein synthesis in cells? Proteins are synthesized at the mitochondria in all living cells.
What are the types of protein synthesis? ›Protein synthesis can be divided broadly into two phases - transcription and translation.
What are the steps in protein synthesis called? ›The journey from gene to protein is complex and tightly controlled within each cell. It consists of two major steps: transcription and translation. Together, transcription and translation are known as gene expression.
Which statement is the first step of protein synthesis? ›
Summary. The first step of protein synthesis is transcription—the unfolding of DNA and the production of a messenger-RNA (mRNA) strand. In the second step of protein synthesis—translation—tRNA and mRNA interact to code amino acids into growing polypeptide chains.
Which statement is not true of protein synthesis? ›Answer and Explanation: The correct answer is A. The sites of protein synthesis are the mitochondria of cells.. This is not a true statement about protein synthesis.
What is the first step of protein synthesis quizlet? ›The first stage of protein synthesis where the information on a section of DNA (a gene) is copied by making a mRNA molecule from the DNA. What is C? It takes the information in a gene from the nucleus to a ribosome in the cytoplasm.
Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding the functions of protein quizlet? ›Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding the functions of protein? d. Proteins are essential to building and repairing tissues within the body.
Which of the following is essential for protein synthesis *? ›Nitrogen is the element used for protein synthesis and is an essential constituent of amino acids.